Gadna (Hebrew: גדנ״ע) is an Israeli military program that prepares young people for military service in the Israel Defense Forces. It was established before the foundation of the State of Israel and was anchored in law in 1949. Today it is a one-week program of discipline and military training usually under commanders serving with the Nahal infantry brigade. Gadna hosts an estimated 19,000 Israeli youth annually, as well as numerous foreign youths.

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In 1921, the documentary Yiddish film, “Theodor Herzl, Flagbearer of the Jewish Nation,” was produced, presenting Herzl’s visionary contributions to Jewish history. The film screenings were a monumental occasion for the Jewish communities and inspired many great Zionist leaders. The movie portrays Herzl’s transformative journey from his youth, marked by the specter of anti-Semitic persecution, to his emergence as the architect of modern Zionism.

In the poster (Yiddish):

“The monumental film about Dr. Theodor Herzl
Herzl’s childhood, his student years, the birth of the first Zionist Congress, Herzl’s fights for his ideas, his leadership, and his death.”

A bi-lingual advertisement poster for the film “Theodor Herzl” – a silent movie directed by the Austrian director Otto Kreisler and released in 1921, with Ernst Bath as Herzl and the Jewish actor Rudolph Schildkraut. Portrait of Herzl appears in the center of the poster Advertisement poster for the film screening in Kino “Astra”, Latvia. Verds printing press. Latvian and Yiddish.

60X91 cm.

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Size 46×32 cm. Good condition, tears, wear.

Printed- 5\12\1947

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On December 18, 1947, a proposal was made to declare a “national loan” . At the second meeting of the MINHELT HAAM, on April 26, 1948, it was decided to hold a national loan in the amount of 5,000,000 Israeli pounds, in order to finance the campaign that the settlement has been in since November 29.

The public was asked to buy from the banks, starting May 11, 1948, loan certificates in which the buyer lent his money to the Jewish Agency, for a period of 5 years at an interest rate of 3%. The lender guaranteed the Keren Hayesod and the Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael their real estate assets and income.

Lender certificates were a tradable document and the public at all levels was called upon to purchase them. In a proclamation published on May 2, 1948, the People’s Administration called on the public:

“Participation in a lender is not a tax payment, but an investment of funds on a secure banking basis … Every Jew will see the provision of the necessary means for the struggle for our existence and our future as an absolute necessity. Every Jew will participate in the national lender to the fullest ability.”

The money of the national lender was used by the locality and the state in its early days to finance the heavy expenses of conducting the War of Independence. Following the declaration of the state, the national lender was followed by a number of lenders on behalf of the Israeli government.

Purchasers of loan certificates were promised a linkage of the exchange rate, three US dollars per pound.

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The General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel, known simply as the Histadrut (federation), was established in 1920, driven in large part by a new wave of Russian and Eastern European immigrants with strong roots in socialist ideology. Despite the failure of earlier attempts to unify workers’ organizations, the Histadrut quickly became one of the most powerful economic and political institutions in British Mandatory Palestine. By 1927, more than three-quarters of the Jewish workforce were members of the Histadrut.

After independence, the Histadrut became one of the most powerful institutions in the State of Israel and a mainstay of the Labor Zionist movement. In addition to its role as a trade union, its state-building efforts made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and, for a time, the largest employer in the country.

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Mapai (Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael—The Workers Party of the Land of Israel) was established in 1930 as a result of the union of two parties: Ahdut HaAvoda party and Hapoel HaTzair. Throughout its existence, Mapai was the largest, strongest, and most dominant party on the political map. During the British Mandate, it controlled the national institutions, the Zionist Congresses, and the Histadrut labor federation. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Mapai assumed a central position in the Knesset, in the government, in most of the local authorities, and in many other institutions, authorities, and organizations. Four Prime Ministers—David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Sharett, Levi Eshkol, and Golda Meir—were from Mapai. As a typical mass party, Mapai was very involved in the lives of citizens, inter alia providing social services such as a health fund, sports club, and youth movement.

Mapai’s support bases included the Histadrut, the cooperative settlement movement (moshavim), and the collective settlement movement (kibbutzim), although in the decades following the establishment of the State, the agricultural forces lost some of their clout to urban forces. Although Mapai’s socialism was always pragmatic, the younger generation in Mapai demanded even greater pragmatism, as opposed to the veterans, whose socialist ideological positions were stronger. Mapai’s security policy was also pragmatic compared to that of its sister parties in Europe, due to Israel’s unique security problems. This position made it easier for Mapai to form coalitions with parties to its right. On matters of religion and state, the party supported maintaining the status quo (which Ben-Gurion had initiated), which meant integrating the religious and ultra-Orthodox sectors into Israeli society while opposing the possibility of having the state governed by Jewish law (Halacha).

In 1965, Mapai and Labor Unity ran together under the Alignment (Ma’arach) list. In 1968, These two parties, along with Rafi, merged into the Israeli Labor Party.

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